A brief review of bovine dystocia: risk factors, causes, approach and outcomes

For the sake of this article, short-term risk factors of dystocia are those that occur from the point of conception. The author will discuss these chronologically, starting with the breeding of the...

Figure 2. Cow and calf following successful completion of stage 2 parturition. Image courtesy of K. Ellis, reproduced with permission.

Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at calving

Calving is a complex process with three recognised stages (Figures 1 and 2), each associated with different sources of pain. Pain is a subjective experience defined by the International Association...