Qualitative behaviour assessment as an indicator of animal emotional welfare in farm assurance

To date, attempts to monitor animals' emotional state have focused on physiological measures considered to be associated with emotion (e.g. heart rate variability, cortisol in blood/hair/dung, body...

Clinical findings from 218 downer cow cases in dairy cows from Gippsland, Australia

Downer cows, defined as bright, alert and responsive cows that have been recumbent for at least 1 day, are challenging for many veterinarians (Eddy, 2004). They can be difficult to examine and the...